Back to Intelisoft Multimedia, Home Page
WKU Patent Number: 05278189
SRC Series Code: 7
APN Application Number: 5575168
APT Application Type: 1
ART Art Unit: 125
APD Application Filing Date: 19900724
TTL Title of Invention: Prevention and treatment of occ
lusive cardiovascular disease with
ascorbate and substances that inhibit the binding of lipoprotein (A)
ISD Issue Date: 19940111
NCL Number of Claims: 15
ECL Exemplary Claim Number: 1
EXA Assistant Examiner: Henley, III; Raymond J.
EXP Primary Examiner: Waddell; Frederick E.
NDR Number of Drawings Sheets: 5
NFG Number of Figures: 6
NAM Inventor Name: Rath; Matthias W. STR Inventor Street: Eberhardstrasse 12 CTY Inventor City: 7141 Kirchberg/Murr CNT Inventor Country: DEX INVT Inventor Information NAM Inventor Name: Pauling; Linus C. STR Inventor Street: 15 Salmon Creek CTY Inventor City: Big Sur STA Inventor State: CA ZIP Inventor Zip Code: 93920
COD Parent Code: 72 APN Application Number: 533129 APD Application Filing Date: 19900604 PSC Parent Status Code: 03
OCL Original U.S. Classification: 514561 XCL Cross Reference Classification: 514356 XCL Cross Reference Classification: 514474 XCL Cross Reference Classification: 514824 EDF International Classification Edition Field: 5 ICL International Classification: A61K 31195 ICL International Classification: A61K 3134 ICL International Classification: A61K 3144 FSC Field of Search Class: 514 FSS Field of Search Subclass: 474;561;562;564;567;824 ;356
PNO Patent Number: 3956504 ISD Issue Date: 19760500 NAM Patentee Name: Sawyer OCL Original U.S. Classification: 514567
PNO Patent Number: 4424232 ISD Issue Date: 19840100 NAM Patentee Name: Parkinson OCL Original U.S. Classification: 514474
PNO Patent Number: 4600582 ISD Issue Date: 19860700 NAM Patentee Name: Stevens et al. OCL Original U.S. Classification: 514561
PNO Patent Number: 4954521 ISD Issue Date: 19900900 NAM Patentee Name: Sawyer et al. OCL Original U.S. Classification: 514474
PNO Patent Number: 60-4611 ISD Issue Date: 19850000 CNT Foreign Reference Country Code: JPX
PNO Patent Number: 60-78560 ISD Issue Date: 19850000 CNT Foreign Reference Country Code: JPX
PNO Patent Number: 60-87221 ISD Issue Date: 19850000 CNT Foreign Reference Country Code: JPX
Chemical Abstracts 77(13):86318 (1972).
Vitamin C in Health and Disease, Basu et al., AVI Publishing Co., Inc. (1982) pp. 95-101.
Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th edition (1982) p. 56, "Lysine Hydrochloride".
The Nutrition Desk Reference, Garrison et al, Keats Publishing Inc. (1985) pp. 172-177.
Rath, M. & L. Pauling, "Solution of the puzzle of human cardiovascular disease: Its primary cause is ascorbate deficinecy leading to the deposition of lipoprotein(a) and fibrinogen/fibrin in the vascular wall," J. Orthomolecular Med. (In Press 1991).
Markwardt, F. & H. P. Klocking, "Chemical control of hyperfibrinolytic states by synthetic inhibitors of fibrinolytic enzymes," Biomed. Biochim. Acta 42:725-730 (1983).
Werb, Z. et al., "Endogenous activation of latent collagenase by rheumatoid synovial cells," New England J. Med. 296(18):1017-1023 (1977).
Knox, E. G., "Ischaemic-heart-disease mortality and dietary intake of calcium," Lancet, i, pp. 1465-1467, Jun. 30, 1973.
Berg, K. "A new serum type system in man--The LP system," Acta Path. 59:369-382 (1963).
McLean, J. et al., "cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen," Nature 300:132-137 (1987).
Salonen, E-M, et al., "Lipoprotein(a) binds to fibronectin and has serine proteinase activity capable of cleaving it," EMBO J. 8(13):4035-4040 (1989.
Harpel, P.C. et al., "Plasmin catalyzes binding of lipoprotein(a) to immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3847-3851 (1989).
Gonzalez-Gronow, M. et al., "Further characterization of the cellular plasminogen biding site: Evidence that Plasminogen 2 and Lipoprotein a compete for the same site," Biochemistry 28:2374-2377 (1989).
Hajjar, K. A. et al., "Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis," Nature 339:303-305 (1989).
Armstrong, V. W. et al., "The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis"; Atheroscloerosis 62:249-257 (1986).
Dahlen, G. H. et al., "Association of levels of lipoprotein Lp(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography," Circulation 74(4): 758-765 (1986).
Miles, L. A. et al., "A potential basis for the thrombotic risks associated with Lipoprotein (a)," Nature 339:301-302 (1989).
Zenker, G. et al., "Lipoprotein(a) as a strong indicator for cerebrovascular disease," Stroke 17(5)942-945 (1986).
Zechner, R. et al., "Fluctuations of plasma Lipoprotein-A concentrations during pregnancy and post partum," Metabolism 35(4):333-336 (1986).
Hoff, H. et al., "Serum Lp(a) level as a predictor of vein graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients," Circulation 77(6):1238-1244 (1988).
Rath, M. et al., "Detection and quantification of Lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall of 107 coronary bypass patients," Arteriosclerosis 9(5):579-592 (1989).
Cushing, G. L. et al., "Quantitation and localization of Apolipoproteins [a] and B in Coronary artery bypass vein grafts resected at re-operation," Arteriosclerosis 9(5):593-603 (1989).
Bruckert, E. et al., "Increased serum levels of Lipoprotein(a) in diabetes mellitus and their reduction with glycemic control," JAMA 263(1):35-36 (1990).
Blumberg, B., et al., "A human lipoprotein polymorphism," J. Clin. Invest. 41:1936-1944 (1962).
Eaton, D. L., et al., "Partial amoni acid sequence of apolipoprotein(a) shows that it is homologous to plasminogen," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:3224-3228 (1987).
Wright, L. C. et al., "Elevated apolipoprotein(a) levels in cancer patients," Int. J. Cancer 43:241-244 (1989).
Som, S. et al., "Ascorbic acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus," Metabolism 30:572-577 (1981).
Maeda, S. et al., "Transient changes in serum lipoprotein(a) as an acute phase protein," Atherosclerosis 78:145-150 (1989).
Kapeghian, J. C. et al., "The effects of glucose on ascorbic acid uptake in heart, endothelial cells: Possible pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathies," Life Sci. 34:577 (1984).
Tomlinson, J. E. et al., "Rhesus monkey apolipoprotein(a)," J. Biol. Chem. 264:5957-5965 (1989).
Ginter, E. et al., "The effect of chronic hypovitaminosis C on the metabolism of cholesterol and athergenesis in guinea pigs," J. Atherosclerosis Res. 10:341-352 (1969).
FRM Legal Firm: Limbach & Limbach
Essentially all human blood contains lipoprotein(a); however, there can a thousand-fold range in its plasma concentration between individuals. High levels of Lp(a) are associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. Armstrong, V. W., et al. (1986) Atherosclerosis 62: 249-257; Dahlen, G., et al. (1986) Circulation 74: 758-765; Miles, L. A., et al. (1989) Nature 339: 301-302; Zenker, G., et al. (1986). Stroke 17: 942-945 (The term occlusive cardiovascular disease will be used hereafter as including all pathological states leading to a narrowing and/or occlusion of blood vessels throughout the body, but particularly atherosclerosis, thrombosis and other related pathological states, especially as occurs in the arteries of the heart muscle and the brain.)
For some time, general medical practice has focused on the role of LDL, th e so called "bad cholesterol," in occlusive cardiovascular disease. A great many studies have been published ostensibly linking occlusive cardiovascular disease with elevated levels of LDL. As a result, most therapies for the treatment and prevention of arteriosclerosis rely on drugs and methods for the reduction of serum levels of LDL's. Such therapies have had mixed results. The efficacy of such approaches to the problem of occlusive cardiovascular disease continues to be major source of debate.
There exists therefore a need for a drug therapy for reducing the binding of Lp(a) to vessel walls, for reducing the overall level of Lp(a) in the circulatory system and for promoting the release of existing deposits of Lp(a) on vessel walls.
A method is provided for the treatment of occlusive cardiovascular disease , comprising the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of ascorbate and one or more binding inhibitors, as a mixture or as a compound comprising ascorbate covalently linked with binding inhibitors, which inhibit the binding of Lp(a) to blood vessel walls, such as arterial walls. This effect may also be obtained by administering an effective amount of one or more inhibitors, without ascorbate. The term binding inhibitor throughout the specification and claims is intended to include all substances that have an affinity for the lysine binding site present on the interior walls of blood vessels, particularly arteries, the site of Lp(a) binding. Most of these substances compete with plasmin for the lysine binding site and some of these compounds, in high doses, are in clinical use for the treatment of hyperfibrinolytic states.
A method is further provided for the prevention of atherosclerosis comprising the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of ascorbate and one or more binding inhibitors as previously discussed but further comprising one or more antioxidants. The term antioxidant throughout the specification and the claims is intended to exclude ascorbate which has as one of its chemical properties a potent antioxidant effect.
It is thus an object of the invention to provide a method for treatment of occlusive cardiovascular disease by administering to a subject an effective amount of ascorbate and one or more binding inhibitors, or an effective amount of one or a mixture of binding inhibitors.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method for preventing o f occlusive cardiovascular disease, by administering to a subject an amount of ascorbate effective to lower the amount of Lp(a) in the plasma of the subject.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method for prevention of cardiovascular disease by administering to a subject an effective amount of ascorbate and one or more binding inhibitors, or an effective amount of one or more binding inhibitors.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable agent for the treatment of occlusive cardiovascular disease.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable agent for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
These and other objects will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention and the drawings.
FIG. 2A a photograph of the aorta of a guinea pig receiving an adequate amount of ascorbate from the test diet in Example 1.
FIG. 2B is a photograph of an aorta of a guinea pig receiving a hypoascorbic diet after three weeks from the test diet in Example 1.
FIG. 3 is an immunoblot of plasma and tissue of guinea pigs from the test shown in Example 2.
FIG. 4 shows the potential mechanism of binding inhibitors in the therapy for atherosclerosis.
FIG. 5 show the potential mechanism of ascorbate in the binding of Lp(a) t o the arterial wall.
We have also discovered that substances that inhibit the binding of Lp(a) to components of the arterial wall, particularly to fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin degradation products herein identified as binding inhibitors, such as lysine or .epsilon.-aminocaproic acid used alone or in combination with ascorbate, cause release of Lp(a) from the arterial wall. Thus, ascorbate and such binding inhibitors are not only useful for the prevention of occlusive cardiovascular disease, but also for the treatment of such disease. The present invention, then, provides methods and pharmaceutical agents for the both the treatment and prevention of occlusive cardiovascular disease in vivo.
Although ascorbate can be used alone or in varying combinations with one o r more representative constituents of the above classes of compounds, we prefer when treating a pre-existing cardiovascular condition to combine ascorbate with at least one each of the binding inhibitors, antioxidants and lipid lowering drugs elements in the dosages (per kilogram of body weight per day (Kg BW/d)) provided in Table 1. It should be noted that Table 1 provides differing concentration ranges of each constituent, depending upon whether the agent is to be administered orally or parenterally. The variance in dosages is reflective of variation in disease severity. It will be realized therefore that if the subject has been diagnosed for advanced stages of atherosclerosis,
dosages at the higher end of this range can be utilized. However, if only prevention of an atherosclerosis condition is the object, dosages at the lower end of this range can be utilized.
As an alternative, a pharmaceutical agent identical to the one just described, but omitting ascorbate, may be employed.
Where ascorbate and binding inhibitors are utilized in the same agent, the y may simply be mixed or may be chemically combined using synthesis methods well known in the art, such as compounds in which ascorbate and the inhibitor are covalently linked, or form ionically bound salts. For example, ascorbate may be bound covalently to lysine, other amino acids, or .epsilon.-aminocaproic acid by ester linkages. Ascorbyl .epsilon.-aminocaproate is such an example. In this form the ascorbate moiety may be particularly effective in preventing undesirable lipid peroxidation.
In the case of oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable and otherwise inert carrier may be employed. Thus, when administered orally, the active ingredients may be administered in tablet form. The tablet may contain a binder such as tragacanth, corn starch or gelatin; a disintegrating agent, such as alginic acid, and/or a lubricant such as magnesium stearate. If administration in liquid form is desired, sweetening and/or flavoring agents may be used. If administration is by parenteral injection, in isotonic saline, a phosphate buffered solution or the like, may be used as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The advisability of using binding inhibitors in treating occlusive cardiovascular disease will depend to some extent on the subject's general health, particularly with regard to hyperfibrinolytic conditions. Most binding inhibitors (except lysine) are used clinically to treat such conditions. As a result, monitoring of the subject's coagulation and fibrinolytic sysem is recommended before and during treatment for occlusive cardiovascular disease. Long-term administration of binding inhibitors will require formulations in which the dosages of binding inhibitors are in the lower ranges of the dosages given in Table 1.
Prevention, as contrasted with treatment, of cardiovascular disease may be accomplished by oral or parenteral administration of ascorbate alone. Table 1 gives a range of ascorbate concentrations sufficient to lower the serum Lp(a) concentration.
Preferably the prevention of the occlusive cardiovascular disease accordin g to the invention is accomplished by use of a physical mixture of ascorbate and one or more binding inhibitors, or by use of a compound comprising covalently linked ascorbate with one or more of the binding inhibitors, which inhibit binding of Lp(a) to the arterial wall. A binding inhibitor or mixture of binding inhibitors may also be administered without ascorbate to prevent Lp(a)-associated occlusive cardiovascular disease.
To optimize the therapeutic effect of the release of Lp(a) from the blood vessel walls, the ascorbate and the binding inhibitors described above may be separately administered. Further optimization of therapeutic effect can be gained by using a time release composition to achieve relatively constant serum concentrations of the agent through time.
______________________________________
DOSAGES OF COMPONENTS IN THE DRUG
COMPOSITIONS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Oral Parenteral
Administration
Administration
______________________________________
Ascorbate: 5 mg-2500 mg/kg
25 mg-2500 mg/kg
bw/d bw/d
Binding inhibitors:
EACA 5 mg-500 mg/kg
same
bw/d
Tranexamic Acid
1 mg-100 mg/kg
same
bw/d
Para-aminomethyl
1 mg-30 mg/kg same
benzoic acid bw/d
Lysine 5-500 mg/kg bw/d
same
Antioxidants:
Tocopherol 0,1 IU-20 IU/kg
same
bw/d
Carotene 100 IU-1000 IU/kg
same
bw/d
Lipid
Lowering Drugs:
Nicotinic Acid
1 mg-300 mg/kg
bw/d
HMG-CoA 0.1-10 mg/kg bw/d
Fibrates 0.1-20 mg/kg bw/d
Probucol 0.1-20 mg/kg bw/d
Bile Acid Sequestrants
10-400 mg/kg bw/d
______________________________________
______________________________________
CONCENTRATION OF COMPONENTS IN THE
SOLUTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
______________________________________
Ascorbate 50-5000 mg/l
Binding inhibitors
EACA 2-2000 mg/l
Tranexamic Acid 1-300 mg/l
Para-aminomethyl 1-200 mg/l
benzoic acid
Lysine 10-5000 mg/l
Antioxidants
Tocopherol 1-1000 mg/l
Carotene 0.1-100 mg/l
______________________________________
No study has been previously reported in the guinea pig to identify the lopoprotein involved as risk factors in plasma and as constituents of the atherosclerotic plaque.
Three female Gartly guinea pigs with an average weight of 800 g and an approximate age of 1 year wer stuided. One animal received an extreme hypoascorbic diet with 1 mg ascorbate/kg body weight/d. Another animal received 4 mg/kg BW/d. The third animal served as a control receiving 40 mg ascorbate/kg/BW/d)
Blood was drawn by heart puncture from the anesthetized animals and collected into EDTA containing tubes at the beginning, after 10 days, and after 3 weeks, when the animals were sacrificed. Plasma was stored at - -80.degree. C. until analyzed. Lp(a) was detected in the plasma of the guinea pigs by use of SDS-polyacrylamide gels according to Neville (J. Biol. Chem., 246, 6328-6334 (1971)) followed by Western blotting (Beisiegel, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 257, 13150-13156 (1982)). 40 .mu.l of plasma and 20 mg of arterial wall homogenate were applied in delipidated form per lane of the gel. The immunodetection of apo(a) was performed using a polyclonal anti-human apo(a) antibody (Immuno, Vienna, Austria) followed by a rabbit anti-sheep antibody (Sigma) and the gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit anti-body with subsequent silver enhancement (Bio-Rad). The determinations of cholesterol and triglycerides were done at California Veterinary Diagnostics (Sacramento) using the enzyme assay of Boehringer Mannheim. Plasma ascorbate was determined by the dinitrophenylhydrazine method (Schaffer, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 212, 59 (1955)).
Vitamin C deficiency in the diet led to an increase of Lp(a) in the plasma of the guinea pig indicated by a clear band in the immunoblot of the plasma after 10 and 20 days of a hypoascorbic diet (FIG. 1). At necropsy the animals were anesthetized with metophase and were exsanguinated. Aorta, heart and various other organs were taken for biochemical and histological analysis. The aorta was excised, the adventitial fat was carefully removed, and the vessel was opened longitudinally. Subsequently the aorta was placed on a dark metric paper and a color slide was taken. The picture was projected and thereby magnified by an approximate factor 10. The circumference of the ascending aorta, the aortic arch and thoracic aorta as well as the atherosclerotic lesions in this area were marked and measured with a digitalized planimetry system. The degree of atherosclerosis was expressed by the ratio of plaque area to the total aortic area defined. The difference in the 3 one-year old animals of the experiment was significant and pronounced lesions were observed in the ascending aorta and the arch of the vitamin C deficient animal (FIG. 2B).
Plasma ascorbate levels were negatively correlated with the degree of the atherosclerotic lesion. Total cholesterol levels increased significantly during ascorbic acid deficiency (Table 3).
The aortas of the guinea pigs receiving a sufficient amount of ascorbate were essentially plaque free, with minimal thickening of the intima in the ascending region. In contrast, the ascorbate-deficient animals exhibited fatty streak-like lesions, covering most parts of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. In most cases the branching regions of the intercostal arteries of the aorta exhibited similar lipid deposits. The difference in the precentage of lesion area between the control animals and the hypoascorbic diet animals was 25% deposition of lipids and liporpoteins in the arterial wall.
______________________________________
MEAN PLASMA
PARAMETERS OF THE DIFFERENT GROUPS
IN RELATION TO THE AREA OF AORTIC LESIONS
Regression
Scurvy (after
Control (progress)
Scurvy)
______________________________________
Plasma 39 54 33
Chloesterol
(mg/dl)
Total Plasma
5.03 3.01 20.64
Ascorbic
Acid .mu.g/ml
Atheroscl. -- 25 19
Lesion
(Percent of
Aorta Thorac.
Surface)
______________________________________
TBL ______________________________________
PBS (Dulbeco) + 50 mg/ml
NaAscorbate
PBS + EACS 50 mg/ml
PBS + Tranexamic Acid
50 mg/ml
PBS + NaAscorbate +
50 mg/ml
Tranexamic Acid
______________________________________
Results of this treatment are given in Table 4 and show that, compared to the control solution, a considerable amount of Lp(a) was released from the interior arterial wall.
__________________________________________________________________________
Lp(a) RELEASED FROM HUMAN AORTA
IN RELATION TO SPECIFIC BINDING INHIBITORS
##STR1##
__________________________________________________________________________
By now it is apparent that the methods and compositions of the present
invention meet longstanding meeds in the field of prevention and treatment
of occlusive cardiovascular disease. Although preferred embodiments and
examples have been disclosed, it is understood that the invention is in no
way limited by them, but rather is defined by the claims that follow and
equivalents thereof.